11:58 PM
Language Acquisition in Children: Talk
Your Child Clever
Most parents can hardly wait for their baby to say its first
word. This usually happens between nine months and a year. From about two
years, the child should be able to use simple phrases, and by three he should
be able to use full sentences. By four, he should be fully able to talk,
although he may still make grammatical errors. By five, he should have acquired
basic language.
There is little doubt that language acquisition is one of
the key milestones in early childhood development. Much of a child's future
social and intellectual development hinges on this milestone. A language delay
can lead to isolation and withdrawal, and to learning difficulties and poor
academic performance. Recent research has revealed a dramatic link between the
development of spoken language and written language among children, and the
importance of language acquisition to basic reading skills.
Many parents believe that the term "language
development" implies that the child’s acquisition of language is an
automatic process. This, however, is not the case. There is nothing that any
human being knows or can do that he has not learned. This is especially true of
language acquisition.
The child begins to learn language from the day he is born.
From the very first moment it is the parents’ responsibility to lay a proper
foundation that will enable the child to acquire adequate language skills. Just
like parents must ensure that a child follows a healthy and balanced diet for
optimal physical development, they must take steps to ensure optimal language
development.
How Language is Acquired
Parents should start talking to their little baby from the
day he is born. Some mothers are by nature quiet and reserved. Others have the
unfortunate idea that it is foolish to talk to their babies, knowing that they
do not understand. The mother, who does not talk continually while feeding,
bathing and dressing her baby, is laying the foundation for a late talker.
The baby learns language in one way only, and that is by
hearing language as the parents talk and talk to it. The more a parent can talk
to a child, often repeating the same words, the same phrases, the same
structures over and over, the sooner the child will learn language.
An important thing to note here is that by the time a baby
is about nine months old he should be able to understand simple words and
commands. He may perhaps also be able to say a few simple words already.
Invariably, however, one finds that the baby understands much more than he is
able to say. In fact, this remains so of any person throughout his life. One is
always able to understand more of any language, even one’s mother tongue, than
one is able to use in active speech. This is even more so of any second or
third languages that a person is able to speak.
This shows that we have two more or less separate masses of
language knowledge, our passive knowledge (also called receptive language) on
one hand, and our active (expressive language) on the other. When we listen or
read, we make use of our passive vocabulary, and when we speak or write, of our
active vocabulary.
An important thing to note here is that the child’s passive
vocabulary came into being through constant and continual repetition of words,
phrases or structures. Once a word, phrase or structure has been repeated often
enough, it also becomes part of the baby’s active vocabulary. This shows that
the active vocabulary can only be improved via the passive. Research has shown
that a child who is just beginning to talk must hear a word about 500 times
before it will become part of his active vocabulary. Long before that it will
already form part of his passive vocabulary. This means that parents should
create as many opportunities as possible in which their baby can hear them
talk.
The Secret of Reading to Your Child
Parents should read to their children as often as possible.
The secret, however, which will lead to optimal language development, is to
read the same stories over and over and over.
In the "good old days" there was not the abundance
of storybooks that there is today. Parents were compelled — it was also part of
the child-rearing traditions — to tell over and over to their children the few
stories that they knew, or to read over and over to their children the few
books in their possession. They also spent a lot of time teaching their
children rhymes and songs. As I discovered for myself through my own son, this
over and over repetition of the same stories and rhymes was extremely
beneficial for the acquisition of language. In fact, I took this tradition to
the extreme, exposing my son to only one book for nearly two years.
Soon after my elder son, Gustav, was born, I bought him a
book with the story of Pinocchio. The book was aimed at four-year-olds. Except
for talking to him continually, I started to read to him from this book when he
was only two or three months old — as often as I could, over and over and over.
I found this tedious, of course. Gustav, however, loved it, and the results of
this experiment made all my efforts worthwhile. Not only did he start talking
much sooner than most children do, but when he was just over two years, he
could recite nearly all the pages from Pinocchio. When turning to a new page,
one only had to read the first word or two on that page and he would recite the
rest of the page like a parrot. In itself this may seem quite useless, but of
great importance was that the vocabulary in this book soon became part of his
everyday speech. In terms of language development, he was soon miles ahead of
his age group. In fact, to this day, his vocabulary and his ability to speak
with clarity are quite astounding.
When a child is a bit older, one should start teaching him
nursery rhymes. Research has shown that knowledge of nursery rhymes among
three-year-olds was a significant predictor of later prereading skills even
after the children’s IQ and their mothers’ educational levels were partialed
out.
While an apple a day keeps the doctor away, talking for ever
makes your child clever.
