Daftar Kata-Kata Tabu dalam Bahasa Inggris

Secara garis besar, kata-kata tabu dapat dikategorikan sebagai kata-kata yang tidak diucapkan pada kebanyakan situasi berbahasa, memiliki makna sangat kasar dan mungkin membuat orang yang mendengarnya shock. Seseorang yang sering berbicara dengan menggunakan kata-kata tersebut bisa dianggap kurang pendidikan, kasar, tidak sopan dan cabul. Akan tetapi,dalam situasi berbahasa khususnya informal dan colloquial, taboo words umumnya digunakan ketika memaki, marah, atau menunjukkan keakraban dengan lawan bicara, umumnya antara sahabat dekat.
Reinold Aman mengelompokkan lima jenis kata yang termasuk ke dalam kata-kata tabu dalam berbagai bahasa yaitu
1. Obscenities (cabul) kata-kata ini meliputi istilah vulgar yang merujuk kepada bagian tubuh tertentu, aktivitas seksual, dan aktivitas di toilet.
2. Blasphemy (penistaan agama) kata-kata ini merupakan penggunaan simbol-simbol dan ucapan-ucapan religius di luar konteks religius seperti penggunaan kata Jesus ketika memaki.
3. Slurs merupakan kata-kata hinaan terhadap kebangsaan ras atau agama seseorang.
Untuk menghindari penggunaan kata-kata tabu ini, beragam kata diciptakan untuk menunjukkan makna serupa tetapi dengan sense yang lebih pantas.
Sosiolinguist membagi enam kelas kata sesuai dengan penggunaanya dan juga kepantasannya.
1. Kata formal.
Kata-kata ini merupakan kata-kata yang dijumpai dalam buku dan kedokteran berterima kepantasannya secara umum. Gunakan kata-kata formal ketika anda ingin menyampaikan sesuatu secara jelas dan langsung. Kata-kata serupa juga digunakan pada pembicaraan antara pria dan wanita.
2. Kata Umum.
Kata-kata ini adalah yang paling sering digunakan oleh seluruh penutur bahasa. Maknanya jelas dan penggunaanya pantas. Kata formal bisa juga dikategorikan ke dalam kelompok ini.
3. Eufemisme
Kata-kata sopan yang diciptakan untuk menggantikan kata lain yang dianggap kurang pantas.
4. Children words.
Kata-kata khusus yang digunakan oleh orang tua ketika berbicara dengan anak-anak.
5. Slang.
Kata-kata yang digunakan oleh kelompok tertentu. Penggunaan slang dalam berbahasa sangat signifikan sekali, beberapa kata yang sebelumnya termasuk slang sekarang menjadi kata umum. Beberapa kelompok slang bisa memiliki makna menyinggung 'derogatory' terhadap lawan bicara.
6. Kata Vulgar.
Kata-kata yang merupakan kelas sosial terbawah dalam bahasa sering digunakan oleh orang-orang yang kurang pendidikan. Penutur bahasa tidak pernah menggunakan kata-kata yang termasuk tabu ini pada situasi formal, di dalam kelas, di kantor. Kata-kata vulgar biasanya digunakan ketika memaki 'cursing' dan oleh kelompok pria seperti  tim olahraga, asrama pria, fraternity, tentara, bar dan gang jalanan.
Kata-Kata Dalam Bahasa Inggris Merujuk Pada Anggota Tubuh and Aktivitas seksual (Sexual Body Part and Sexual Activity)

Area kelamin
Formal
pubic area, genitalia, urogenitals
Kata umum
sex organs
Eufemisme
crotch, down there, the groin area, loins, private parts, privates, natural parts, secret parts

Pantat
Formal
buttocks, gluteus maximus
kata umum
buttocks
Eufemisme
behind, bottom, derriere, duff, posterior, rear end seat, stern, tush, tushie, tokus
Children words
heinie, coolie
Slang
bum, buns, butt, caboose, can, duster, fundament, hams, hind end,lower cheeks, cheeks, moon, tail
Vulgar
ass,arse,

Rambut kelamin
Formal
pubic hair
Slang
beard, brush, bush, crab ladder, fur, garden, grass, lawn, mustache, rug, short hairs, wool fuzz
 

Anus
Formal
rectum, anus, rectal opening
Kata Umum
rectum, bowel, lower bowel,
Slang
rim, back door, brown eye, blind eye, poop chute
Vulgar
arsehole, ass hole, culo,shit hole

Penis
Formal
penis, male organ
Kata umum
penis
Eufemisme
apparatus, male member, member, "it", you-know-what
Children word
thing, pee pee, peter
Slang
banana, bald-headed hermit, baloney, bird, carrot, cucumber, cue stick, John Henry, Johnson, lap lizard, one-eyed worm, pickle, pipe, short arm, sugar stick, thing, trouser trot
Vulgar
beef, bone, bicho, cock, dick, dipstick, doodle, dork, dingus, hammer, horn, knob, joint,meat, pecker, joystick, pork, prick, putz, ramrod, root, schlong, shaft, snake, tool, whang, wanger, wick, zipper monster

Testis
Formal
testicle, testes, male gonads
Kata umum
testicles
Eufemisme
delicate parts of the anatomy
Children word
ballies
Slang
apples, cohones, family jewels, equipment, rocky mountain oyster
Vulgar
balls, knockers, nads, nuts, rocks, stones

Cairan sperma
Formal
semen, semina fluid, spermatozoa
Kata umum
semen, sperm,
Eufemisme
seed
Slang
love juice, man sauce, baby butter, baby paste
Vulgar
come, cum, cream, jism, jizz

Payudara
Formal
breasts, mammary glands
Kata umum
breasts
Eufemisme
bosom, bust, chest
Children words
bubbies, pillows, titties
Slang
apples, ballons, bazonkers, beauts. coconuts, headlights, hemisphere, jugs, lungs, melons, Milky Way, pair, peaches
Vulgar
boobs, boobies, boulders, hooters, knockers, milkers, teats, tits

Vagina
Formal
vagina, birth canal, vulva, labia majora, labia minora
Kata umum
vagina, birth canal
Eufemisme
down there, private parts
Vulgar
ass, beatded clam, beaver, box, clit, chocha, crack, cunt, hair pie, hole, manhole, meat, muff, mound, piece, pussy, slit, snatch twat

Ereksi
Formal
have an erection, be erect
Kata umum
be aroused, be excited
Eufemisme
be in the mood, be interested, be ready
Slang
be hot, be hot and bothered, be hot to trot, have the hots, have lead in one's pencil, be turned on
Vulgar
be horny, have a hard on, be hard, be stiff, have a boner, have a bone on

Terangsang
Formal
be lubricaring
Kata umum
be aroused, be excited
Eufemisme
be in the mood, be interested, be ready
Slang
be juicy, be wet, be hot to trot, be turned on
Vulgar
be horny, be ready for Freddy

Bersetubuh
Formal
copulate, have coitus, have intercourse, have sexual intercourse, make love, mate, engage in sexual intercourse
Eufemisme
go to bed with, sleep with, have contact with, go all the way, have carnal knowledge of, know, be intimate with, couple, enjoy each other, possess
Slang
diddle, do it, do the dirty deed, get down with, get it on, get with, have some, jump one's bones, make a person, make it with, mess around, play fine and games, play hide the sausage, roll in the hay, score
Vulgar
ball, bang, dip one's wick, firg, fuck, get into one's pants, get laid, get one's end wet, get a piece of ass, get some ass, get some nookie, get some spoon tang, get some pussy, hump, lay, schtup, screw, shaft, tear off a piece

Ejakulasi
Formal
achieve orgasm, reach a sexual climate
Kara umum
have a climax, have an orgasm
Eufemisme
be satisfied, finish
Slang
cream, drop one's cookies, get one's rock off, get's one ashes hauled
Vulgar
come, cum, drop one's load, get one's nuts off, give a shot, shoot off, shoot one's wad

Masturbasi
Formal
masturbate
Kata umum
masturbate
Eufemisme
satisfy oneself, abuse oneself
Slang
diddle, play with oneself, see Madam Hand and her five daughters
Vulgar
beat the meat, beat off, choke the chicken, flog one's dong, fuck one's fist, jack off, jerk off, whack off, yank off, wank

Oral seks
Formal
oral-genital sex, fellatio (kelamin pria), cunnilingus (kelamin wanita)
Kata umum
oral sex
Eufemisme
go down on
Slang
sixty-nine, soixante-neuf, head to toe
Vulgar
blow, eat, give a blow job, gave face, give head, go muff-diving, have hair pie, suck, suck cock, suck dick

Anal seks
Formal
anal sex, sodomy
Kata umum
anal sex
Eufemisme
the Greek way
Slang
use the back door, go up the old dirt road
Vulgar
ass-fuck, bugger, use the shit chute

Kondom

Formal
condom, prophylatic
Kata umum
condom
Eufemisme safety, pro
Slang
baggie, diving suit, envelope, French letter, glove, helmet, overcoat, raincoat rubber
Vulgar
scum bag

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Contoh Soal UH Bahasa Inggris XI IPS

Grade XI of Social Studies Class
SMAN..........
____________________________________________________
Name:                                                                                             Class:

I.    Complete the following text with the words in the bold!
 achievement, supervisions, committee
announce, Norway
Announcement

    With great pleasure we1…………….  that Amanda, Oki and Soni have been chosen to participate in the International Physic Olympiad on November 20, 2013 in 2…………. Now they will study and learn physic more intensively under Ms. Tatiana and Mr. Roger’s3 ………..
    Amanda, Oki, and Soni were among 150 candidates shortlisted for the post and have been selected after a rigorous round in the selection along with the interview result to help the4………....... decide on their choice.
    Let’s support and pray for their best 5…………….


Mr.Hamdi
Principal




II.    Match the statements in the left side to the responses in the right side!
1.    Do you think I ought to study Hypnotism?                                           a.    It’s alright. We are still waiting for the major to open the 
                                                                                                                    seminar anyway.
2.    I heard you cut your finger when you were slicing the onion, is it right?    b.    Make sure you bring a lot of thick coat. The weather is   
                                                                                                                    freezing.
3.    I will go to Europe in next winter                                                         c.    I don’t think so. You’d better study about your lessons at 
                                                                                                                    school
4.    Ms. Nana gave me your test. You got 98 for the test                               d.    Yes, it is. My finger is really painful if I touch something.
5.    Sorry I am late. The traffic was really awful                                           e.    That’s a wonderful mark
III.    Put the two sentences together to create one sentence by making adjective clause or noun clause!
a.    Adjective clause
1.    The young girl is very beautiful. She won the beauty contest last month.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2.    The movie wasn’t very good. We saw it last night.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.    The boys go to SMAN 1 Banuhampu. I saw them in the district library two days ago.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4.    I bought a new TV. It had been produced in USA
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5.    The kid stays with his grandmother. He plays with my little brother every day.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b.    Noun clause
1.    Which class are we now studying?
I forget____________________________________________________________
2.    How did she meet his husband?
Ms. Sue doesn’t want to tell me________________________________________
3.    Where will he spend his holiday?
Let’s ask him_______________________________________________________
4.    Does he need some help?
I wonder__________________________________________________________
5.    Is your friend having trouble?
He asks me________________________________________________________
IV.    Complete the following text with the words in the circular box
Memorandum
To        : Alva Smith, Marketing Manager
From    : Stuart Jacobson, General Manager
Date    : December 3, 2013
Subject    : Information of annual meeting

    Please 1………… your accounting staff that we will 2……………….. an annual meeting by the end of this 3…………. All of the marketing financial 4…………… will be presented in the meeting. Tell her to be 5…………...

month, prepared ,reports,

tell, hold

V.    Fill in the following sentences with the correct form of adjectives!
1.    People who constantly complaint are very ______________________ (annoy)
2.    The dragon was a _______________________ creature in the fairy tale (terrify)
3.    The ____________________ woman was put into an ambulance (injure)
4.    I still have five more ______________ courses to take (require)
5.    This mathematic matter is really _____________________ (confuse)

VI.    Read the text and answer the questions that follow!
    It was a market day and a farmer was riding his cart along the country road. He had to reach the market early so that he could sell his hay. It was very difficult for the horses to drag the load through the deep mud and suddenly, the wheels of the horse cart sank into the mire.
    The more the horse pulled, the deeper the wheels sank. The farmer climbed down from his seat and stood beside his cart. He searched all around, but could not find anyone to help him. Cursing his bad luck, he looked dejected and defeated. He didn’t make the slightest effort to get down to the wheels and lift them up by himself. Instead he started cursing his luck for what happened. “I am so unlucky! Why has this happened to me?”
    Then an old man approached the farmer. He asked, “Do you think that you can move the cart, by simply looking at it and whining about it? Nobody will help you unless you make an effort to help yourself? Get up, put your shoulder to the wheels and you will soon find the way out”
    The farmer was ashamed of himself. He bent down and put his shoulder to the wheels and urged on the horses.
    In no time the wheels were out of the mire. The farmer learned his lesson. God helps those who help themselves
1.    What was the country road like?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2.    What did the farmer do when the wheels of the horse cart sank into the mire?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.    According to the story, what was the farmer like?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4.    What can we learn from the story?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5.    “…… lift them up by himself.” (paragraph 2)
What does “them” refer to
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

            The word geothermal comes from the Greek words ‘geo’ meaning earth and  ‘therme’ meaning heat. So, geothermal energy is heat from within the earth. We can recover this heat as steam or hot water and use it to heat building or generate electricity.
            Geothermal energy is renewable energy because the heat is continuously produced below the earth’s surface.
            People around the world use geothermal energy to heat homes and to produce electricity by digging deep wells and pumping the heated underground water or steam to the surface of the earth to heat and cool buildings.
            Naturally occurring large areas of hydrothermal resources are called geothermal reservoirs. Most geothermal reservoirs are deep underground with no visible clues showing above ground. However, geothermal energy does find its way to the surface in the form of volcanoes and fumaroles (holes where volcanic gases are released), hot springs, and geysers.
            Geologists use various methods to look for geothermal reservoirs. Drilling a well and testing the temperature deep underground is the most reliable method for finding a geothermal reservoir.

1.    Where does geothermal energy come from?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2.    Why is the geothermal renewable?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.    Why is the usage of geothermal energy?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4.    Where will likely the geothermal find the way to the surface of the earth?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
5.    What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

GOOD LUCK

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Some Current Issues In Cross Cultural Studies

1.    The influence of history is difficult to explain as it contains all of the deep structure elements of culture. What is your understanding related to this?
As culture is defined as several traits or items that bind a group of people, all members of cultural group share the common traits amongst them. To establish a cultural group, those people have to live together in a great deal period of time. In this long period, they underwent many historical events that influence the way the view the world. For example, the group of people who in their histories were victim of wars will view wars as a forbidden in the culture they later established, they would teach their cultural members to hold peace amongst all. It is the history that will determine how a cultural group will be.
2.    How does language diversity cause problems in the United States? What solutions can you propose to deal with this problem?
    The diverse language spoken amongst American residents has drawn many political concerns in the United States. The parliament has frequently tried to propose English as an official language, yet this proposal is still refused. The major problem is risen in the communication because several people do not have mutual linguistic understanding amongst them. This will trigger misunderstanding prejudice which will end up in conflict.
    To solve this problem, the government must ensure that all members of society have access to learn a language that is commonly spoken, English. The government must guarantee that they will have a sufficient proficiency to speak in societal circumstances. Yet, they are still allowed to speak the language of their ancestor in order that their cultural identity will still be preserved.
3.    The discrimination between men and women in west countries has happened since a long time ago and still happen nowadays. At present, the discrimination perhaps is not obvious as before, although it is in different. How would you describe this difference?
    Although the feminist has promoted the gender equality in all over the globe, the gender discrimination ten is still seen nowadays. Unlike the discrimination in the previous time, woman discrimination today can be seen in the following description. Firstly, it commonly occurs in the work place. At the present time, there is a slight gender difference in the work place. Some works are mainly occupied by men, such as the presidents of company, managers, driver, pilot, ship’s captain, mechanic operator, soldier etc. Secondly, gender disparity can be seen in sport. In the world sport, men are occupied in certain sports, such as football, weight lifting, basket ball etc. The discrimination can also appear in the sport activities. Most sport events apply the different gender in the events. Women only play with women and vice versa because it is presumed that the women are not the equal competitor for men.     
4.    In discussing something or talking about anything you probably agree or disagree. It is easy to agree with someone on any level or formality. In contrary, it is sometimes quite difficult when you argue someone on any level with a different culture. How would you solve this problem?
    The different people grown in different culture will have the different views, ideas, beliefs, ideologies, etc that they inherit from the cultural elder members. When those people are engaging in the communication, some conflicts will sometimes be arisen due to these differences. To solve this problem, they need to establish mutual understanding between them. They must realize that the different cultures that have grown them contribute different ideas, views, and beliefs in their mind. All in all, they have to try to value the diversity.
5.    What is meant by the phrase “communication is rule governed”? What are some rules that govern your communication in the classroom? How might these rules differ in another country?
    “Communication is rule governed” can be defined as that there are several rules that govern people in communicative circumstances. In communication, people are bound to the rules that are commonly shared amongst them. For example, the young people are not allowed to interrupt the elder in communication, people are forbidden to swear or curse in the presence of children etc.
    The rules governing communication in my classroom is the typical rules on how education runs in the eastern cultural context. To begin with, students are not allowed to call their teachers by their name whether first or surname in communication. It is considered to be rude and impolite to call them by their name although it is followed by a formal addressee. Students simply call them Pak, Buk, Mr., Sir, and Miss. Related to the communication amongst students, the rules are varied. How people communicate to their fellow students depend on their closeness to them. If they are close enough, they may refer their friends as to “Lu” , “Ang”, or “Kau”, to themselves “Gue”, “Gua” or “Den. But it is considered to be rude to use those addressees to the fellows whom they are not close enough. They simply address them by their first name, and to themselves they refer as to their name or “Awak”.
    I presume these rules are different to another country especially to western ones. In western cultural context, students call their teacher by their names, if it is the surname, it is followed by the formal addressee like Mr. Mrs. and Miss; but they omit the formal addressee if it is the first name. As for communication between students, it is not so varied as those are in my educational context. Most students simply call their name and refer them as you and to themselves I. I also notice some students also call their fellows by their family name as a sign of mockery or bully. Intimate addressees are also found amongst students whose relationship is close.

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